土壤团聚体有机碳研究进展

土壤有机碳是衡量土壤肥力的重要指标,对于促进土壤养分循环、增加养分有效性有重要作用。土壤团聚体是土壤的重要组成部分,是组成土壤结构的最小单元,受到自然因素和人为因素的影响,其形成转化过程与土壤固碳过程息息相关,因而研究团聚体和有机碳的关系及团聚体有机碳影响因素对于土壤结构的改善和土壤质量的提升具有重要意义。本文通过对文献的总结,明晰了土壤团聚体和有机碳的关系,阐述了土壤类型、施肥方式、土地利用和矿区复垦对土壤团聚体有机碳的影响,并从生物质炭的长期定位研究和复垦矿区的土壤修复两方面对土壤团聚体有机碳的研究进行展望,研究结果可为合理的农业生产提供科学依据。     

食用菌多糖抗运动疲劳研究进展

采用文献资料法对食用菌多糖抗运动疲劳的研究进展情况进行了研究。结果表明:食用菌多糖提取方法不同而食用菌多糖的提取率也不相同,超声波法+复合酶法及微波法提取食用菌多糖提取率较高,2种方法科学合理的结合提取食用菌多糖以及不同产地、品种和不同部位提取率是未来学者们需要研究的领域;目前,只是对极少部分食用菌多糖抗运动疲劳进行了研究,研究对象(动物)、模型、指标、评价单一而没有确定最佳剂量的时间而没确定的量。为此,提出了未来应加强和重视食用菌多糖抗疲劳运动多食用菌、多对象(尤其是人)、多模型、多指标、多评价、最佳剂量的研究以及量-效、构-效关系的研究建议。     

罗汉果花提取液对亚硝酸盐清除效果研究

探索罗汉果花提取液对亚硝酸盐的清除效果，为罗汉果花的开发利用提供相关理论依据。以罗汉果花提取液对亚硝酸盐的清除率为考察指标，分别研究不同提取方法和提取溶剂所获得的提取液对亚硝酸盐的清除效果，在确定最佳提取方法和提取溶剂的基础上，通过单因素试验和正交试验对提取工艺进行优化。结果表明，采用蒸馏水作为溶剂，利用微波辅助浸提法效果较好，最佳提取工艺为：微波功率490 W，提取时间2 min，料液比1∶15（g/mL）。在此条件下，罗汉果花提取液对亚硝酸盐清除率达到56.83%。     

Poorly crystalline iron and aluminium oxides contribute to the carbon saturation and sorption of dissolved organic carbon in the soil

Soil carbon (C) saturation implies an upper limit to a soil's capacity to store C depending on the contents of silt + clay and poorly crystalline Fe and Al oxides. We hypothesized that the poorly crystalline Fe and Al oxides in silt + clay fraction increased the C saturation and thus reduced the capacity of the soil to sorb additional C input. To test the hypothesis, we studied the sorption of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on silt + clay fractions (<53 µm) of highly weathered oxic soils, collected from three different land uses (i.e., improved pasture, cropping and forest). Soils with high carbon saturation desorbed 38% more C than soils with low C saturation upon addition of DOC, whereas adsorption of DOC was only observed at higher concentration (>15 g kg^?1). While high Al oxide concentration significantly increased both the saturation and desorption of DOC, the high Fe oxide concentration significantly increased the desorption of DOC, supporting the proposition that both oxides have influence on the DOC sorption in soil. Our findings provide a new insight into the chemical control of stabilization and destabilization of DOC in soil.     

草鱼肠系膜脂肪组织高质量总RNA提取方法的研究

基于传统的酸性酚—异硫氰酸胍—氯仿一步提取法,比较分析多种优化操作步骤,摸索出一种高质量提取体质量为80~150 g草鱼肠系膜脂肪组织总RNA的改良方法。试验结果显示,相较于肝脏、脾脏、肠道等脏器组织,草鱼肠系膜脂肪组织RNA丰度低,且极易在样品前处理阶段出现顽固性降解问题。探索发现,将取样量增至约30 mg,可提升RNA产量以满足常规试验需求。针对降解难题,改良常规的样品前处理技术流程,采用鲜样液氮速冻,冻样直接放入TRIzol试剂中裂解,并即刻进行长时间机械匀浆,时长约3 min等核心操作步骤,可显著降低脂肪组织样品RNA的降解。Agilent生物分析仪检测结果显示,改良方法提取的草鱼肠系膜脂肪组织RNA完整度高,关键RIN值为8.7~9.0。研究推测,长时间机械匀浆所形成的持续剪切冲击力或许有助于TRIzol试剂中的异硫氰酸胍等成分突破油滴阻碍而有效抑制内源性RNA酶。本方法提取的草鱼脂肪组织总RNA质量可满足高通量转录组测序要求。     

Impact of grassland contract policy on soil organic carbon losses from alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Carbon storage in the soils on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau plays a very important role in the global carbon budget. In the 1990s, a policy of contracting collective grasslands to smaller units was implemented, resulting in a change from the traditional collective grassland management to two new management patterns: a multi‐household management pattern (MMP: grassland shared by several households without enclosures) and a single‐household management pattern (SMP: grassland enclosed and used by only one household). In 2016, 50 MMP and 54 SMP winter pastures on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau were sampled to assess the differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) between the two management patterns. Results showed that average SOC was significantly greater under MMP than under SMP, with an estimated 0.41 Mg C/ha/yr lost due to SMP following the new grassland contract. Based on the government's grassland policy, four grassland utilization scenarios were developed for both summer and winter pastures. We found that if the grassland were managed under SMP, likely C losses ranged between 0.31 × 10⁷ and 6.15 × 10⁷ Mg C/yr across the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau relative to MMP, which more closely resembles pre‐1990s grassland management. Previous estimates of C losses have only considered land use change (with cover change) and ignored the impacts driven by land management pattern changes (without cover change). The new data suggest that C losses from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau are greater than previously estimated, and therefore that the grassland contract policy should be reviewed and SMP households should be encouraged to reunite into the MMP. These findings have potential implications for land management strategies not only on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau but also other grazing regions globally where such practices may exist.     

Determination of critical nitrogen dilution curve based on leaf area index for winter wheat in the Guanzhong Plain,Northwest China

Excessive use of nitrogen(N) fertilizers in agricultural systems increases the cost of production and risk of environmental pollution. Therefore, determination of optimum N requirements for plant growth is necessary. Previous studies mostly established critical N dilution curves based on aboveground dry matter(DM) or leaf dry matter(LDM) and stem dry matter(SDM), to diagnose the N nutrition status of the whole plant. As these methods are time consuming, we investigated the more rapidly determined leaf area index(LAI) method to establish the critical nitrogen(N_c) dilution curve, and the curve was used to diagnose plant N status for winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China. Field experiments were conducted using four N fertilization levels(0, 105, 210 and 315 kg ha-1) applied to six wheat cultivars in the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 growing seasons. LAI, DM, plant N concentration(PNC) and grain yield were determined. Data points from four cultivars were used for establishing the N_c curve and data points from the remaining two cultivars were used for validating the curve. The N_c dilution curve was validated for N-limiting and non-N-limiting growth conditions and there was good agreement between estimated and observed values. The N nutrition index(NNI) ranged from 0.41 to 1.25 and the accumulated plant N deficit(N_(and)) ranged from 60.38 to –17.92 kg ha~(-1) during the growing season. The relative grain yield was significantly affected by NNI and was adequately described with a parabolic function. The N_c curve based on LAI can be adopted as an alternative and more rapid approach to diagnose plant N status to support N fertilization decisions during the vegetative growth of winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China.     

香蕉中噻唑膦残留分析方法研究

建立香蕉中噻唑膦的超高效液相色谱串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)残留测定方法。香蕉样品采用乙腈提取和PSA+C18分散固相萃取,采用UPLC-MS/MS多反应模式(MRM)进行分析测定。噻唑膦在添加水平0.01~1.0 mg/kg范围内,平均回收率为94.3%~107.5%,相对标准偏差为7.9%~11.0%。采用外标法定量,方法的检出限为0.001μg/m L,定量限为0.005 mg/kg。该方法简单、准确、重复性较好且节省溶剂,适用于香蕉中噻唑膦的残留检测。     

沉淀法制备的紫杉醇白蛋白微粒包封率测定

采用沉淀法制备紫杉醇白蛋白微粒,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定紫杉醇质量浓度,以二氯甲烷为有机相,采用萃取法分离白蛋白微粒与游离药物,测定其包封率。结果表明:紫杉醇在10~100 mg·L-1范围内线性良好,平均回收率可达到97.6%~101.0%;有机溶剂萃取法测定紫杉醇白蛋白微粒包封率的平均回收率,达94.80%~101.67%。这种方法测定紫杉醇白蛋白微粒回收率准确可靠,适用于沉淀法制备的白蛋白微粒的包封率测定。     

响应面法优化超声波辅助提取薏苡仁低聚糖工艺的研究

采用响应面法优化超声波辅助提取薏苡仁低聚糖的工艺条件。在单因素试验基础上,选取液料比、超声波时间以及超声波功率3个因素结合Box-Behnken试验建立数学模型,分析考察3个因素对薏苡仁低聚糖响应值的影响程度,优化工艺参数。各因素对薏苡仁低聚糖提取率影响程度从大到小顺序依次为:超声波功率超声波时间液料比。响应面设计法优化出其最佳超声波提取条件为:超声波温度70℃,液料比33∶1(m L/g),超声波时间27 min,超声波功率450 W。在该条件下,薏苡仁低聚糖提取率为0.94%,与模型预测值0.98%接近。说明使用响应面法优化超声波辅助提取薏苡仁低聚糖的工艺条件是可行的。